Basically analysing a technique is how you go from scene to meaning.
So you take a scene or line from a book. And you ask, "what is being conveyed". Once you can see what is being conveyed, you need to work out how that is being conveyed. That way the author does it is the technique. The way...
Techniques are basically descriptions of how language is being used.
You can find a huge list of them here:
http://community.boredofstudies.org/4/english/327855/complete-literary-technique-list.html