I think this is all coulomb's law. So:
a) Increase separation, decrease force on each by inverse square law.
So for distance r, we have F.
Distance 2r, distance is doubled, so we get 1/2^2 = 1/4, so the force is F/4
b) Same thing, but we get 9F.
c) Charge is doubled for both. So you get double from one, so 2F, then double from the other, another 2F.
As a result the total force is 4F.
d) This time we have half on one, quarter on the other. So we get F/(4x2) = F/8 as the new force.
e) So here the ratio is F (2 x 0.25 x 1/9)
12) use coulomb's law.