history - anyone else do migrants!? (1 Viewer)

[annaaa123]

for the "changing rights and freedoms" topic, everyone seems to have done women! does anyone have any good notes on migrants by any chance? i'm pretty set for all other topics of history but totally lacking in this area!

 

[Uzername]

here;s some notes on the experiences of migrants (Southern Euro's)

-life was tough initially. They had to get used to a lifestyle completely different to theirs - speaking English was the first & foremost barrier that stopped them from 'being' Australian.
- many were unskilled or had qualifications that were not recognized in Aus... they usually got the worst jobs.
- ethnic ghettos began forming around Sydney as they wanted to be around people who spoke their same language, had the same culture, food, traditions, etc.
- many were used in the Snowy Mountains scheme. 2/3 were migrants. the Scheme bought aussies and the migrants closer and created a sense of friendship.
- now the policy of multiculturalism (whitlam) makes sure that people of different backgrounds are recognized and are not treated any differently.

 

[QnTiria]

i am!! i believe the only thing you need to know is the changing rights and freedoms of migrants post ww2
this, however, can be summarised in:
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<!--[endif]-->Original policy from Calwell was Assimilation (migrants were expected to abandon their language and traditions and become Australians).<o></o>
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<!--[endif]-->1949 - Policy change started with Menzies govt. allowing 800 Asian refugees to remain in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1>Australia</st1></st1:country-region><o></o>
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<!--[endif]-->1958 – A change in the Migration Act meant abolishment of dictation test which had been used since federation to keep Asians out of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1>Australia</st1></st1:country-region>
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<!--[endif]-->1966 – The govt. developed a policy accepting migrants on the basis of their ability to contribute to Australian society allowing more non-Europeans to come to<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1> Australia</st1>. </st1:country-region>They also allowed anyone with five years residence to live in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1>Australia</st1></st1:country-region>
1973 – The Whitlam govt. finally abolished the White <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1></st1></st1:country-region><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1>Australia</st1></st1:country-region> policy, and brought in Multiculturalism. From here on, race was no longer a factor in whether you could migrate to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Australia</st1:country-region> and people could become citizens after 3 years residence in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1>Australia</st1></st1:country-region>. Whitlam govt. brought in Racial Discrimination Act and the Racial Vilification Act in 1975 to end discrimination on the basis of race and make it illegal to stir up hatred against a group based on their race.

(not my notes btw)

so they're just like aboriginals except better. Of course, everything good happened in the Whitlam era.

 

[Riot09]

>>Explain why the nature of migration to Australia has changed since 1901.

The nature of migration to Australia has changed for many reasons since 1901.first there was the white Australia policy due to a belief of the superioratory of white,british culture and rascism.However after ww2 governments saw the need for agreater population in terms of defence and economic prosperitort and growth.which resulted in the assisted passage scheme for ex british servicemen,however due to the war jewish and east European refuges were now encouraged to settle in austrlia and by 1960 bi lateral migration agreements had been signed with several European nations.and by the late 1950s significant numbers of migrants had arrived fromt the Baltic states,Greece nd Italy.and by the late 1960s thw white Australia policy was abandoned and asian students were now studying in ausytralia as the migration policy was now based on what an individual could offer Australia rather than on his/her colour or race.
>>Explain how Australias social and cultural history has been changed by the changes in migration/ changing rights and freedoms for women/ changing relations with Asia

Migrants

Allegiance – sense of duty and loyalty to a person or country
Assimilation – policy of trying to make people to give up old customs and accept a new way of living
Baby-boomers – people born in the years between 1946 and 1960
Culture – beliefs, customs and language belonging to a particular group of people
Discrimination – differentiating between people based on their age, gender, race or beliefs etc.
Integration – the blending of a racial, cultural or religious minority group with the rest of the community
Refugees – people who are forced to leave their own home and country for protection
Aliens – Non-British Europeans, Italians, Germans
WWI – prejudice against aliens

Hostility to Asians
Resentment originally formed against the Chinese during the 1850’s gold rushes. The Chinese would often work harder and made more money than most Australians, often searching ‘empty’ pieces of land and finding gold. They also sent most of it back home to China, not assisting the Aust. economy in any way. Between 1855 and 1886 the colonies began introducing laws to restrict Chinese arrivals.
Hostility to Chinese people grew during the 1890s, as during a time of depression it was felt they were taking jobs from Australians. There was also a growing sense of Australian nationalism. With the term ‘white Australia’ used for the first time

White Australia Policy
1901 – Immigration Restriction Act
Involved a dictation test for those applying to enter Australia that could be set in any European language, if a particular person was not desired, they could be given the test in a highly remote language, and if they passed, be forced to re-take it in another. Even if they were accepted, most were denied citizen rights such as voting. This was through the Commonwealth Franchise Act. The Naturalisation Act prevented ‘any aboriginal native of Asia, Africa or the Islands of the Pacific, exempting New Zealand’ from being naturalised (getting citizen rights/privileges)

Three main reasons
- belief the British race was superior, wanting to keep out inferior races, keep Australia pure
- fear of Asian invasion
- people from Asian countries could take jobs as would work for lower wages

Was slowly eroded as the Gov relaxed restrictions, in 1958 the dictation test was removed. At the beginning of the 1970’s Australia was
- far more outward looking
- had to reassess its relationship with Japan and Asian countries for new markets
- had been 2 million migrants
- rapid growth of the economy

1972 – White Australia Policy removed, however Asian and African Immigration still somewhat restricted

Land Settlement Scheme
Was a way to attract British people to Australia, involved assisted passage/land grants, used propaganda advertisements. Failed because people were given a false image of the Australian lifestyle and climate. Were not prepared for hot and cold weather and hard work, many returned home

Children as migrants
Were the most attractive migrants as were easy to control, didn’t question, didn’t take the jobs of Australians, assisted immediately in times of low birth rate, easy to assimilate.
Dr Banados – children’s charity established 1912 offering welfare in the form of farm schools. Fairbridge settled 1700 handpicked boys, providing school tuition and practice farm experience, left at 17. In 1944 all faced closure but combined, began caring for Australian children and children of migrants. In 1976 were closed and sold off.
Problems  poor understanding of the children, not all were orphans, some poorly educated, forced into bad jobs, abuse, organisations have recently been formed to track down parents.
Replaced with Big Brother program – with boys aged 15.5 to 17.5 leaving families in England under assisted passage to Aust until they come of age. Split into groups but not separated from each other, sponsors assume the role of parents. Able to make their own choices, given opportunities.

During WWII 2540 people came to Australia from England, as political refugees on the Dunera. Either their country of origin was at war with the British, or they were POWs. Many had their families split up, and felt very isolated from the rest of the Aust community. Were sent to work in Hay, some were highly educated and set up a highly influential university. The conditions were so poor that a 100 year ban was placed on the files relating to their internment.
Interned – put into camps, imprisoned


Populate or Perish
WWII
- Drained Aust of people, immigrants and aliens fought for Aust
- Australia could not defend such a large nation with such a small population
- Severe shortage of skilled labour
Low birth rate meant only way to populated quickly was by immigration





Immigration
Two main aims
- Economic; bring in labourers required for Australia; people brought in under assisted passage agreements had to work for 2 years in an industry elected by the government
- Humanitarian; large amount of refugees from WWII; Poland, Germany, Austria; had suffered greatly during the war
Ex-servicemen were seen to be the best for meeting Aust’s needs, and so were offered assisted passage
1947 – 32,000
1948 – 70, 000
1949 – 150 000
Peaked in 1969/70 with 185 000 new arrivals

Post-War Immigration Program
After the war, new people via the Post-War Immigration Program. Aust took 180,000 second only to the US
Came from Britain, Europe, Holland, Netherlands, came for a better life, opportunities for their children, freedom and human rights, often had no choice which country they went to. Were cross examined to prevent those guilty of war-crimes. People hiding illnesses resulted in boat loads of infected people, with many children dying on the journey.
Were forced to work as labours or in a Gov elected industry for 2 years. Aus
Good Neighbour Councils – established in towns to welcome new arrivals, however no assistance to learn English was provided. Bilingual programs and interpreter services were no provided. Reception and holding centres were set up, but often split up families causing resentment.

Assimilation – post war immigration
It was seen the best migrants were those who could easily blend in with white Australian society. It was expected that migrants would stop using their traditional language, leave their beliefs and customs and adopt Australian ones.

Assimilation failed because it is very hard for people to just abandon their culture and language. Older migrants especially found it hard to learn English, and as people are proud of their culture, many are reluctant to change, and want to pass on their heritage to their children. As a result of this, many migrants grouped together in particular streets or towns.

Italian Migrants
After WWII thousands came under the assisted immigration scheme, ;little italy’ communities were established, Calabrian Italians settled mostly in Leichhardt, Glebe, Eastwood and Ryde, with Trevutti in Griffith. Worked as small businessmen or market gardeners, kept their culture through clubs, religion and festivals. Many had no work available, situation deteriorated until 1952 – Bonegilla Riots. Over food, living conditions and unemployment.
Gradually Australians recognised Italians as hard workers, speeding up process of acceptance.

Displaced Persons Scheme
People who arrived after the war, many placed in camps. Similar to those interned during the war, had to work for 2 years in specified industry. Most performed manual labour, working in mines, termed ‘factory fodder’, coal, zinc, iron, copper mines; steel works; Snowy Mountains Scheme


Snowy Mountains Scheme
1949-1972. Largest scale construction undertaken mostly by migrants, 25 years in construction. Takes melted snow and converts for irrigation and hydro electric power. Cost the Gov over $1 billion. Offered various opportunities, e.g. operating machinery, mining underground or starting up a business. Paid good wages but were isolated; English lessons, cultural diversity, and birthplace of multiculturalism. 121ppl killed, unknown no. injured.

Nest Egg Scheme
Allowing people from Britain out for only 10 pounds; had to provide their own accommodation and have savings of 500 pounds. Advertising showed happy, beautiful people with sunny beaches and exciting opportunities

Criticisms in 1960s
Promoted employment opportunities for migrants, in fact there was huge unemployment, took a long time to process applications. Made changes so than non-Europeans could migrate without sponsorship, people were assessed on individual merit rather than race

Integration
New policy replacing assimilation in 1968, many migrants were disadvantaged, and Gov. realised that special services needed to be provided to help migrants settle in. People were rebelling against cultural conformity and showing the ability to fit in without changing their original culture. More acceptance was shown to migrants, with welfare and support offered, foreign language television programs, teaching English, safety signs in migrant’s languages. Multiculturalism began emerging during the 1960s and 70s, however attitudes were often slow to change

Multiculturalism
In place as of 1973 by Whitlam Gov. Evidence is a variety of Asian food and influence, range of cultures featuring range of people, Special Broadcasting Service SBS, shows teaching English.
Positive – diversifying of food, culture, religion, ideas and perspectives; greater understanding and better global relationships; trade links, larger gene pool
Negative – segregation between ethnic groups and non-integration; possibility of reverse racism; feelings of being overrun and losing Australian identity
Four principals that underpin Multiculturalism – responsibility of all, respect for each person, fairness for each person, and benefits for all

Contribution of migrants
Fulfilled Govs aim of increasing the population and expanding the economy
Migrant labour was used in massive construction schemes, working in jobs Australians didn’t want. Resulted in increased demand for
- housing, food, furniture, transport, and infrastructure
- resulted in increased employment needs
Opened up new trade routes, diversified the economy.
Changed Aust socially and culturally, as migrants brought rich diversity of food, dress and customs, new religions and languages.

Immigration at end of 20th century
Non-discrimination immigration policy, acceptance determined by Gov. Divided into two areas  Migration Program and Humanitarian Program
Migration program – Skilled stream, Family stream
Humanitarian program – people from refugee situation in urgent need of resettlement





Anyway I hoped this has helped.

 

[Fake-Name]

I hope they don't have an extended response on migrants, especially not a specific group like Italians or something... Would be really pissed!:mad1:

 

[annaaa123]

thankyou Riot09! that was so helpful. yeah i do hope they don't have an extended response on this - i'd love the 15 mark question to be on vietnam, or whitlam.

 

[electricgreen94]

Hope this helps!!

 

[annabackwards]

Everyone who helped has been repped for being nice ^^

Good luck tomorrow!

 

[cjlane]

We were never taught about women in post-WWII Australia, so we only had one choice.