Alright, I'm set with the following. z^{2} - \frac{1}{z^{2}} \text{ where } z = 1 + \sqrt{2} I substitute it in and get to here: = (\left{1 + \sqrt{2}}\right)^{2} - \frac{1}{(\left{1 + \sqrt{2}}\right) ^ {2}} I'm not sure where to go from there, so if someone could help me out that would be much appreciated.